Topological Insulators: Stacking Instead of Mixing

Jülich-Aachen research team improves the energy efficiency of topological insulators

Jülich, 17 November 2015 – The overheating of computer chips is a major obstacle to the development of faster and more efficient computers and mobile phones. One promising remedy for this problem could be a class of materials first discovered just a few years ago: topological insulators, which conduct electricity with less resistance and heat generation than conventional materials. Research on these materials is still in its early stages. A team from Jülich and Aachen has now found a way to control the desired conducting properties of this type of material more precisely and reliably than ever before. The results have been published in the current edition of the journal "Nature Communications" (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9816).

So-called "to­po­lo­gical" materials have different physical properties on their surface than they do on their inside. Topological insulators are in effect insulators on the inside, but on their surfaces and edges they conduct electric currents almost as if they were running along railway tracks: faster, with less resistance and less heat production than with conventional materials. Additionally, the tracks act as a one-way street for electrons. The inherent angular momentum of the electrons – known as "spin" – determines in which direction the electrons can flow. This property is also useful for information processing and can pave the way for the development of new spintronic components.

Researchers from the Peter Grünberg Institute and RWTH Aachen University have now shown how the conductivity and the energy requirements of these materials can be optimized. Put in highly simplified terms, their recipe for success is: stacking instead of mixing. Prof. Detlev Grützmacher of the Peter Grünberg Institute first came up with the crucially important idea: "Instead of alloying two different types of semi-conductors as usual, in order to obtain a topological insulator, we stacked both semiconductors on top of each other, atomic layer by atomic layer, placing this in turn on a silicon backing layer with the help of molecular beam epitaxy." Molecular beam epitaxy is an extremely precise method of producing thin crystalline layers, and is increasingly used not only in research but also in the industrial production of semiconductors.

In this way, the scientists were able to control the atomic construction with great precision, which they documented with the use of ultra high-resolution electron microscopy. "Achieving the perfect atomic composition of the topological insulators is vital for the electronic properties, and thus for energy efficiency, but the alloying process is difficult to monitor", explained Dr. Lukasz Plucinski from the Peter Grünberg Institute.

The researchers were able to discover exactly which layer thickness goes hand in hand with optimal conduction properties using the technology of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Here, samples are bombarded with photons to trigger the release of electrons from the material. Their energy and exit angle is measured, providing information about the energy and distribution of the electrons at the sample's surface.

In principle, topological insulators can also be controlled with the help of external electric fields in semiconductor alloys and other materials. Using the sandwich method that the scientists have developed together within the framework of the Jülich Aachen Research Alliance "Future Information Technology" (JARA FIT), such complex technological procedures are no longer necessary and in addition, the silicon substrate material makes it simpler to integrate in applications at later stages.

Scientists at the Virtual Institute for Topological Insulators (VITI), coordinated by the Peter Grünberg Institute in Jülich, are continuing to conduct basic research on further possible uses for the new materials. This could, for example, make it possible to prove the existence of novel, only theoretically predicted quantum phenomena, such as so called topological exciton condensates, formed by electron-hole pairs at the surfaces.

Original publication:

Realization of a vertical topological p-n junction in epitaxial Sb2Te3/Bi2Te3 heterostructures;
Markus Eschbach, Ewa Mlynczak, Jens Kellner, Jörn Kampmeier, Martin Lanius, Elmar Neumann, Christian Weyrich, Mathias Gehlmann, Pika Gospodaric, Sven Döring, Gregor Mussler, Nataliya Demarina, Martina Luysberg, Gustav Bihlmayer, Thomas Schäpers, Lukasz Plucinski, Stefan Blügel, Markus Morgenstern, Claus M. Schneider, Detlev Grützmacher;
Nature Communications (2015), DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9816

Images:

Topologische Isolatoren
Durch Variation der Schichtdicke von Halbleiter-Sandwiches aus Silizium (grau), Wismut-Tellurid, einem n-Halbleiter (rot), und Antimon-Tellurid, einem p-Halbleiter (grün), lassen sich topologische Isolatoren maßschneidern, zeigen die Untersuchungen Jülicher und Aachener Forscher. Die Qualität ihrer mittels Molekularstrahlepitaxie erzeugten Schichten überprüften sie mit ultrahochauflösender Rasterelektronenmikroskopie. Auf der linken Würfelkante sind die atomaren Lagen zu erkennen.
Forschungszentrum Jülich
Energieniveaus der Oberflächenelektronen im reziproken Raum
Forschungszentrum Jülich

Further information:

Forschungszentrum Jülich
Press release from 29.2.2012 "Rails for Electric Current"
Press release from 18.8.2011 "Breakthrough in Photoemission Spectroscopy"
Press release from 12.2.2009: "Science: Novel Quantum Effect Directly Observed and Explained"
Peter Grünberg Institute – QuantumTheory of Materials (PGI-1)
Peter Grünberg Institute – Theoretical Nanoelectronics (PGI-2)
Peter Grünberg Institute – Microstructure Research (PGI-5)
Peter Grünberg Institute – Electronic Materials (PGI-6)
Peter Grünberg Institute – Semiconductor Nanoelectronics (PGI-9)
Group of Prof. Markus Morgenstern at RWTH Aachen University, II. Institute of Physics B
Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, FIT (Fundamentals of Future Information Technology)

Contact:

Dr. Lukasz Plucinski, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Electronic Properties (PGI-6), Tel. +49 2461 61-6684, E-mail: l.plucinski@fz-juelich.de

Prof. Dr. Detlev Grützmacher, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Semiconductor Nanoelectronics (PGI-9), Tel. +49 2461 61-2340, E-mail: d.gruetzmacher@fz-juelich.de

Dr. Gustav Bihlmayer, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Quantum Theory of Materials (PGI-1), Tel. +49 2461 61-4677, E-Mail: g.bihlmayer@fz-juelich.de

Prof. Dr. Markus Morgenstern, RWTH Aachen, II. Institute of Physics B, Tel. +49 241 80-27076, E-mail: mmorgens@physik.rwth-aachen.de

Press contact:

Angela Wenzik, Science Journalist, Forschungszentrum Jülich,
Tel. +49 2461 61-6048, E-mail: a.wenzik@fz-juelich.de

Last Modified: 22.05.2022