Fitter group (1997–)

Schedler B., Yukhnovets O., Lindner L., Meyer A., Fitter J.
The thermodynamic fingerprints of ultra-tight nanobody-antigen binding probed via two-color single-molecule coincidence detection
Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24, 16379 (2023)

Bustorff N. and Fitter J.
Features of Protein Unfolding Transitions and Their Relation to Domain Topology Probed by Single-Molecule FRET
Biomolecules, 13(9), 1280 (2023)

Cristina Remes, Anas Khawaja, Sarah F. Pearce, Adam M. Dinan, Shreekara Gopalakrishna, Miriam Cipullo, Vasileios Kyriakidis, Jingdian Zhang, Xaquin Castro Dopico, Olessya Yukhnovets, Ilian Atanassov, Andrew E. Firth, Barry Cooperman and Joanna Rorbach
Translation initiation of leaderless and polycistronic transcripts in mammalian mitochondria
Nucleic Acids Research, 2023, Vol. 51, No. 2 891–907 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac1233

F. Vögl, L. Balacescu, O. Holderer, S. Pasini, S. Staringer, G. Brandl, V. Ossovyi, H. Feilbach, P. Müller-Buschbaum, A. M. Stadler,4 J. Fitter, and T. E. Schrader
Multi-angle in situ dynamic light scattering at a neutron spin echo spectrometer
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 94, 034106 (2023); doi: 10.1063/5.0136367

Mona Sarter, Doreen Niether, Simone Wiegand, Joerg Fitter, and Andreas M. Stadler
Complementary approaches to obtaining thermodynamic parameters from protein ligand systems-challenges and opportunities
EPJ Web of Conferences 272, 01016 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202227201016

Yukhnovets O., Höfig H., Bustorff N., Katranidis A. ,Fitter, J.
Impact of Molecule Concentration, Diffusion Rates and Surface Passivation on Single-Molecule Fluorescence Studies in Solution
Biomolecules 12, 468 (2022)

Reinartz I., Sarter M., Otten J., Höfig H., Pohl M., Schug A., Stadler A.M., Fitter J.
Structural Analysis of a Genetically Encoded FRET Biosensor by SAXS and MD Simulations.
Sensors 21 , 4144 (2021)

Balacescu, L., Vögl, F., Staringer, S., Ossovyi,V., Brandl, G., Lumma, N., Feilbach, H., Holderer, O., Pasini, S., Stadler, A., Fitter, J., and Schrader, T.E.
In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering Complementing Neutron Spin Echo Measurements on Protein Samples
J. Synch. Investig. 14, S185–S189 (2020)

Skóra T, Vaghefikia F, Fitter J, and Kondrat S.
Macromolecular Crowding: How Shape and Interactions Affect Diffusion
J. Phys. Chem. B 2020, 124,7537-7543. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04846

Khawaja A, Itoh Y, Remes C, Spåhr H, Yukhnovets O, Höfig H, Amunts A, Rorbach J
Distinct pre-initiation steps in human mitochondrial translation
Nat Commun. 2020 Jun 10;11(1):2932. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16503-2.

Niether D, Sarter M, Koenig BW, Fitter J, Stadler AM and Wiegand S.
Thermophoresis: The Case of Streptavidin and Biotin
Polymers, 12(2), 376 (2020)

Balacescu L, Schrader TE, Radulescu A, Zolnierczuk P, Holderer O, Pasini S, Fitter J and Stadler AM
Transition between protein-like and polymer-like dynamic behavior: Internal friction in unfolded apomyoglobin depends on denaturing conditions
Sci Rep. 10(1), 1570 (2020)

Michele Cerminara, Antonie Schöne, Ilona Ritter, Matteo Gabba and Jörg Fitter
Mapping Multiple Distances in a Multidomain Protein for the Identification of Folding Intermediates
Biophys. J, 118, 688-697 (2020)

Mona Sarter, Doreen Niether, Bernd W. Koenig, Wiebke Lohstroh, Michaela Zamponi,
Niina H. Jalarvo, Simone Wiegand, Jörg Fitter and Andreas M. Stadler
Strong Adverse Contribution of Conformational Dynamics to Streptavidin−Biotin Binding
J. Phys. Chem. B 2020, 124, 2, 324–335 doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08467

Henning Höfig, Olessya Yukhnovets, Cristina Remes, Noemie Kempf, Alexandros Katranidis,
Daryan Kempe and Jörg Fitter
Brightness-gated two-color coincidence detection unravels two distinct mechanisms in bacterial protein translation initiation
Communications Biology, 2:459 (2019)

Niklas O. Junker, Farzaneh Vaghefikia, Alyazan Albarghash, Henning Höfig, Daryan Kempe, Julia Walter, Julia Otten, Martina Pohl, Alexandros Katranidis, Simone Wiegand, and Jörg Fitter
Impact of Molecular Crowding on Translational Mobility and Conformational Properties of Biological Macromolecules
J Phys Chem B. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01239 (2019)

Katranidis A and Fitter J
Single-Molecule Techniques and Cell-Free Protein Synthesis: A Perfect Marriage
Anal. Chem., 91 (4), 2570–2576 (2019)

Thiele MJ, Davari MD, König M, Hofmann I, Junker NO, Garakani TM, Vojcic L, Fitter J, Schwaneberg U
Enzyme−Polyelectrolyte Complexes Boost the Catalytic Performance of Enzymes
ACS Catal., 8, 10876−10887 (2018)

Höfig H, Cerminara M , Ritter I , Schöne A , Pohl M , Steffen V , Walter J , Vergara Dal Pont I , Katranidis A , Fitter J
Single-Molecule Studies on a FRET Biosensor: Lessons from a Comparison of Fluorescent Protein Equipped versus Dye-Labeled Species.
Molecules, 23(12), 3105 (2018)

Sadoine M, Cerminara M, Fitter J and Katranidis A
Preparation of Cell-free Synthesized Proteins Selectively Double Labeled for Single-molecule FRET studies.
Bio-protocol, 8, e2881, (2018)

Höfig H, Otten J, Steffen V, Pohl M, Boersma AJ, Fitter J
Genetically Encoded Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Biosensors Studied on the Single-Molecule Level.
ACS Sens., 3, 1462-1470, (2018)

J.E. Houston, G. Brandl, M. Drochner, G. Kemmerling, R. Engels, A. Papagiannopoulos, M. Sarter, A. Stadler and A. Radulescu
The high-intensity option of the SANS diffractometer KWS-2 at JCNS – characterization and performance of the new multi-megahertz detection system.
J. Appl. Cryst., 51, 323-336, (2018)

D. Niether, M. Sarter, B. König, M. Zamponi, J. Fitter, A.Stadler and S. Wiegand
Thermodiffusion as a probe of protein hydration for streptavidin and the streptavidin-biotin complex.
AIP Conference Proceedings, 1929, 020001, (2018)

M. Sadoine, M. Cerminara, M. Gerrits, J. Fitter and A. Katranidis
Cotranslational Incorporation into Proteins of a Fluorophore Suitable for smFRET Studies.
ACS Synth Biol., 7, 405-411, (2018)

M. Sadoine, M. Cerminara, N. Kempf , M. Gerrits, J. Fitter and A. Katranidis
Selective Double-Labeling of Cell-Free Synthesized Proteins for More Accurate smFRET Studies
Anal. Chem., 89, 11278-11285, (2017)

N. Kempf , C. Remes, R. Ledesch, T. Züchner, H. Höfig, I. Ritter, A. Katranidis and J. Fitter
A Novel Method to Evaluate Ribosomal Performance in Cell-Free Protein Synthesis Systems
Scientific Reports, 7: 46753, (2017)

D. Kempe, M. Cerminara, S. Poblete, A. Schöne, M. Gabba, and J. Fitter
Single-molecule FRET measurements in additive-enriched aqueous solutions
Anal. Chem., 89, 694-702, (2017)

A. Baumann, S. Kerruth, J. Fitter, G. Büldt, J. Heberle, R. Schlesinger, and K. Ataka
In-Situ Observation of Membrane Protein Folding during Cell-Free Expression
PLoS One, 11(3), e0151051, (2016)

D. Kempe, A. Schöne, J. Fitter, and M. Gabba
Accurate Fluorescence Quantum Yield Determination by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
J. Phys. Chem. B, 119, 4668-4672, (2015)

A.M. Stadler, M. M. Koza, and J. Fitter
Determination of Conformational Entropy of Fully and Partially Folded Conformations of Holo- and Apomyoglobin.
J. Phys. Chem. B, 119, 72-82, (2015)

H. Höfig, M. Gabba, S. Poblete, D. Kempe and J. Fitter
Inter-dye Distance Distributions Studied by a Combination of Single-Molecule FRET-Filtered Lifetime Measurements and a Weighted Accessible Volume (wAV) Algorithm.
Molecules, 11, 19269-19291, (2014)

M. Gabba, S. Poblete, T. Rosenkranz, A. Katranidis, D. Kempe, T. Züchner, R.G. Winkler, G. Gompper, and J. Fitter
Conformational State Distribution and Catalytically Relevant Dynamics of a Hinge-Bending Enzyme Studied by Single-Molecule FRET and a Coarse-Grained Simulation.
Biophys. J., 107, 1913-1923, (2014)

P. Lamprou, D. Kempe, A. Katranidis, G. Büldt, and J. Fitter
Nanosecond Dynamics of Calmodulin and Ribosome-Bound Nascent Chains Studied by Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy.
ChemBioChem, 15, 977-985, (2014)

A.M. Stadler, E. Pellegrini, M. Johnson, J. Fitter, and G. Zaccai
Dynamics-Stability Relationships in Apo- and Holomyoglobin: A Combined Neutron and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study.
Biophys. J, 102, 351-359, (2012 )

T. Rosenkranz, R. Schlesinger, M. Gabba, J. Fitter
Native and unfolded states of a phosphoglycerate kinase studied by single molecule FRET. ChemPhysChem, 12, 704-710, (2011)

A. Kumari, T. Rosenkranz , J. Fitter, A. M. Kayastha
Structural stability of soybean (Glycine max) alpha-amylase: Properties of the unfolding transition studied with fluorescence and CD spectroscopy.
Protein & Peptide Letters, 18, 253-260, (2011)

J. Fitter, A. Katranidis, T. Rosenkranz, D. Atta, R. Schlesinger, G. Büldt
Single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy: A tool for protein studies approaching cellular environmental conditions.
Soft Matter, 7, 1254-1259, (2011)

L. Kulishova, K. Dimoula, M. Jordan, A. Wirtz, D. Hofmann, B. Santigo-Schübel, J. Fitter, M. Pohl, A.C. Spiess
Factors influencing the operational stability of NADPH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase and an NADH-dependent variant thereof in gas/solid reactors.
J. Mol. Cat. B, 67, 271-283, (2010)

A. Kumari, V. K. Singh, J. Fitter, T. Polen, A. Kayastha
α-Amylase from germinating soybean (Glycine max) seeds - Purification, characterization and sequential similarity of conserved and catalytic amino acid residues.
Phytochemistry, 71, 1657-1666, (2010)

A. Kumari, T. Rosenkanz, A. Kayastha, J. Fitter
The effect of calcium binding on the unfolding barrier: A kinetic study on homologous alpha-amylases. Biophys. Chem., 151, 54-60, (2010)

R. Inoue, R. Biehl, T. Rosenkanz, J. Fitter, M. Monkenbusch, A. Radelescu, B. Farago, D. Richter
Large domain fluctuations on 50 ns timescale enable catalytic function in phosphoglycerate kinase.
Biophys. J. 99, 2309-2317, (2010)

J. Kriegsmann, I. Gregor, I. von der Hocht, J. Klare, M. Engelhard, J. Enderlein, J. Fitter Translational Diffusion and Interaction of a Photoreceptor and its Transducer observed in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles by dual-focus FCS.
ChemBioChem, 10, 1823-1829, (2009)

J. Fitter
The perspectives of studying multi-domain protein folding.
Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 66, 1672-1681, (2009)

A. Katranidis, D. Atta, R. Schlesinger, K.H. Nierhaus, T. Choli-Papadopoulou, I. Gregor, M. Gerrits, G. Büldt and J. Fitter
Fast biosynthesis of GFP molecules - a single molecule fluorescence study
Angewandte Chemie Int. Edit., 48, 1758-1761, (2009)

J.-K. Guterl, J. N. Andexer, T. Sehl, J. v. Langermann, I. Frindi-Wosch, S. Kruschinski, E. Bogo, T. Rosenkranz, J. Fitter, U. Kragl, T. Eggert, M. Pohl
Uneven twins: Comparison of two enantiocomplementary hydroxynitrile lyases with α/β-hydrolase fold.
J. Biotechnology, 141,166-173, (2009)

T. Rosenkranz, A. Katranidis, D. Atta, I. Gregor, J. Enderlein, M. Grzelakowski, P. Rigler, W. Meier and J. Fitter
Observing proteins as single molecules encapsulated in surface-tethered polymeric nanocontainers.
ChemBioChem, 10,702-709, (2009)

J. Kriegsmann, M. Brehs, J.P. Klare, M. Engelhard and J. Fitter
Sensory rhodopsin II/transducer complex formation in detergent and in lipid bilayers studied with FRET.
BBA Biomembranes, 1788, 522-531, (2009)

K.H. Strucksberg, T. Rosenkranz, J. Fitter
Reversible and Irreversible Unfolding of Multi Domain Proteins.
BBA, 1774(12), 1591-1603, (2007)

R.E. Lechner, J. Fitter, N.A. Dencher, T. Hauss
Low-Energy Dynamics and Biological Function.
Physica B, 385-386, 835-837, (2006)

C. Duy & J. Fitter
How Aggregation and conformational scrambling of unfolded states govern fluorescence emission spectra.
Biophysical Journal, 90, 3704-3711, (2006)

J.P. Klare, E. Bordignon, M. Doebber, J. Fitter, J. Kriegsmann, I. Chizhov, H.-J. Steinhoff & M. Engelhard
Effects of Solubilization on the Structure and Function of the Sensory Rhodopsin II/Transducer Complex.
J. Mol. Biol., 356,1207-1221, (2006)

C. Duy and J. Fitter
Thermostability of irreversible unfolding alpha-amylases analyzed by unfolding kinetics.
J. Biol. Chem., 280, 37360-37365, (2005)

J. Fitter
Structural and dynamical features contributing to thermostability in alpha-amylases.
Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 62, 1925-1937, (2005)

J. Enderlein, I. Gregor, D. Patra, J. Fitter
Statistical analysis of diffusion coefficient determination by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.
J. of Fluorescence, 15(3), 415-422, (2005)

J. Fitter & S. Haber-Pohlmeier
Structural Stability and Unfolding Properties of Thermostable bacterial alpha-amylases: A Comparative Study on Homologous Enzymes.
Biochemistry, 43, 9589-9599, (2004)

J. Enderlein, I Gregor, D. Patra, J. Fitter
Art and artefacts of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 5, 155-161, (2004)

J. Fitter
Conformational dynamics of a protein in the folded and the unfolded state.
Chemical Physics, 292(2-3), 405-411, (2003)

J. Fitter
A Measure of Conformational Entropy Change during Thermal Protein Unfolding using Neutron Spectroscopy.
Biophysical Journal, 84(6), 3924 -3930, (2003)

J. Fitter, R. Herrmann, N.A. Dencher, A. Blume, T. Hauß
Activity and Stability of a Thermostable alpha-Amylase Compared to its Mesophilic Homologue: Mechanisms of Thermal Adaptation.
Biochemistry, 40(35),10723-10731, (2001)

J. Fitter, R. Herrmann, Th. Hauß, R.E. Lechner, N.A. Dencher
Dynamical Properties of alpha-Amylase in the Folded and Unfolded State: The Role of Thermal Equilibrium Fluctuations for Conformational Entropy in Protein Stabilisation.
Physica B, 301, 1-7, (2001)

J. Fitter & J. Heberle
Structural equilibrium fluctuations in mesophilic and thermophilic alpha-amylase.
Biophys. J., 79(3), 1629-1636, (2000)

J. Heberle, J. Fitter, H.-J. Sass & G. Büldt
Bacteriorhodopsin: The functional details of a molecular machine are being resolved. Biophys. Chem., 85, 229-248, (2000)

M. Witschas, H. Eckert, D. Wilmer, R.D. Banhatti, K. Funke, J. Fitter, R.E. Lechner, G. Korus and M. Jansen
Anion Rotation and Cation Transport in the Rotor Phase α -Sodium Orthophosphate: Paddel-Wheel Mechanism Refined in View of New Experimental Results.
Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie-International Journal of Research in Physical Chemistry & Chemical Physics. 214 (5), 643-674, (2000)

J. Fitter
Confined molecular motions of globular proteins in powder samples and in solution.
J. Physique IV (France), 10 (7), 265-270, (2000)

M. Roepke, E Holland-Moritz, B. Büchner, H. Berg, R.E. Lechner, S. Longeville, J. Fitter, R. Kahn, G. Coddens and M. Ferrand
4f-spin dynamics in La_2-x-ySr_xNd_yCuO₄.
Phys. Rev. B, 60: 9793-9800, (1999)

J. Fitter, R.E. Lechner and N.A. Dencher
Interactions of hydration water and biological membranes studied by neutron scattering.
J. Phys. Chem. B, 103 (38): 8036-8050, (1999)

J. Fitter, S.A.W. Verclas, R.E. Lechner, G. Büldt, O.P. Ernst, K.P. Hofmann and N.A. Dencher
Bacteriorhodopsin and rhodopsin studied by incoherent neutron scattering: dynamical properties of ground states and light activated intermediates.
Physica B, 266: 35-40, (1999)

D. Wilmer, M. Witschas, R.E. Lechner, J. Fitter, M. Jansen, K. Funke, G. Korus
Anion reorientation in an ion-conducting plastic crystal: coherent quasi-elastic neutron scattering from sodium ortho-phosphate.
Physica B, 266: 60-68, (1999)

J. Fitter
The temperature dependence of internal molecular motions in hydrated and dry alpha-amylase: The role of hydration water in the dynamical transition of proteins.
Biophys. J., 76: 1034-1042, (1999)

M. Roepke, E Holland-Moritz, R. Müller, G. Coddens R.E. Lechner, S. Longeville & J. Fitter
Spin dynamics in high T_c superconductor La_2-x-ySr_xRE_yCuO₄.
J. Phys. Chem. Solids 59: 2233-2236, (1998)

J. Fitter, S.A.W. Verclas, R.E. Lechner, H. Seelert, and N.A. Dencher
Function and picosecond dynamics of bacteriorhodopsin in purple membrane at different lipidation and hydration.
FEBS Lett. 433: 321-325, (1998)

R.E. Lechner, J. Fitter, N.A. Dencher and T. Hauß
Dehydration of biological membranes by cooling: An investigation on the purple membrane. J. Mol. Biol., 277, 593-603, (1998)

J. Fitter, O.P. Ernst, Th. Hauß, R.E. Lechner, K.P. Hofmann and N.A. Dencher
Molecular motions and hydration of purple membranes and disk membranes studied by neutron scattering.
Eur. Biophys. J., 27: 638-645, (1998)

D. Wilmer, R.D. Banhatti, J. Fitter, K. Funke, M. Jansen, G. Korus, R.E. Lechner
Anion reorientation in Na₃PO₄.
Physica B: 241-243: 338-340, (1997)

M. Roepke, E. Holland-Moritz, G Coddens, J. Fitter, R.E. Lechner
Spin dynamics in the high-T_c superconductor La_2-x-ySr_xRE_yCuO₄.
Physica B 234-236: 723-725, (1997)

J. Fitter, R.E. Lechner and N.A. Dencher
Picosecond molecular motions in bacteriorhodopsin from neutron scattering.
Biophys. J., 73: 2126-2137, (1997)

J. Fitter , R.E. Lechner, G. Büldt and N.A. Dencher
Internal molecular motions of bacteriorhodopsin: Hydration-induced flexibility studied by quasielastic incoherent neutron scattering using oriented purple membranes.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7600-7605, (1996)

R.E. Lechner, R. Melzer, J. Fitter
First QINS results from the TOF-spectrometer NEAT.
Physica B 226: 86-91, (1996)

J. Fitter, R.E. Lechner, G. Büldt, N.A. Dencher
Temperature dependence of molecular motions in the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin from QINS.
Physica B 226: 61-65, (1996)

J. Fitter, M. Adams, G. Coddens, G. Büldt, N.A. Dencher, R.E. Lechner
Dynamical structure and function of purple membrane as seen by neutrons.
Physica B 213&214: 775-779, (1995)

R.E. Lechner, N.A. Dencher, J. Fitter and Th. Dippel
Two-dimensional proton diffusion on purple membrane.
Solid State Ionics, 70/71: 296-304, (1994)

R.E. Lechner, N.A. Dencher, J. Fitter, G. Büldt and A.V. Belushkin
Proton diffusion on purple membrane studied by neutron scattering.
Biophys. Chem. 49: 91-99, (1994)

R.E. Lechner, N.A. Dencher, J. Fitter and G. Büldt
Proton dynamics in a 2D-"single-crystal" of bacteriorhodopsin.
Physica Scripta T45: 236-241, (1992)

Contributions to books and conference proceedings

J. Fitter
Lecture Notes of the 46^th IFF Spring School “Functional Soft Matter”, Chapter: Protein Folding: Kinetics, Pathways, Landscapes, E.2.1-E8.16, Research Centre Jülich, (2015)

J. Fitter
Lecture Notes of the 46^th IFF Spring School “Functional Soft Matter”, Chapter: Single Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy, C.3.1-C3.18, Research Centre Jülich, (2015)

J. Bhattacharyay, A. Katranidis, M. Gabba, G. Büldt, G. Panaitov, D. Mayer, A. Offenhäusser, J. Fitter
Fabrication and characterization of zero-mode waveguides: optical nanostructures for single molecule fluorescence detection, ICEMP (2014)

J. Fitter
Lecture Notes of the 42^nd IFF Spring School “Macromolecules in Soft and Living Matter”, Chapter: Protein Folding, B.8.1-B8.15, Research Centre Jülich, (2011)

J. Fitter
Conformational Dynamics measured with Proteins in Solution; In Neutrons in Biology - Techniques and Applications (Eds. J. Fitter, T. Gutberlet, J. Katsaras), Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2005

J. Fitter
Thermostability of Proteins: How thermal equilibrium fluctuations contribute to proteins stability, ILL Annual Report 2000 (Scientific Highlights), 50-51, (2000)

M. Roepke, E. Holland-Moritz, B. Buchner, R. Borowski, R. Kahn, R.E. Lechner, S. Longeville, J. Fitter
Rare earth spin dynamics in the Nd-doped High-T_c-superconductor La_2-xSr_xCuO₄ ; Stripes and Selected Phenomena, Selected Topics in Superconductivity, pp. 329-334, (2000)

N.A. Dencher, J. Fitter, R.E. Lechner
Hydration of biological membranes: Role of water in structure, dynamics and function of the proton pump bacteriorhodopsin; In Hydration Process in Biology: Theoretical and Experimental Approaches (M.-C. Bellissent-Funel, Ed.) , IOS Press (Life Science Series), Amsterdam, Netherlands, Vol. 305, pp. 195-217, (1999)

K. Funke, D. Wilmer, R.D. Banhatti, M. Witschas, R.E. Lechner, J. Fitter, M. Jansen, G. Korus
Interplay between anion and cation transport in the plastic high-temperature phase of sodium ortho-phospate, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 527, pp.469-480, (1998)

D. Wilmer, R.D. Banhatti, M. Jansen, G. Korus, R.E. Lechner and J. Fitter
Anion rotation and cation transport in the sodium ion conductor Na₃PO₄; In Ionic and mixed conducting ceramics, T. Ramanarayanan et al. (eds), PV97-24, The Electrochemical Scociety Proceedings Series, Pennington, NJ, pp. 797-808, (1997)

J. Fitter, R.E. Lechner and N.A. Dencher
Influence of lipids on the dynamical behaviour of bacteriorhodopsin in the purple membrane; In Biological Macromolecular Dynamics (S. Cusack, H. Buettner, M. Ferrand, M. Lagan and P. Timmins, Eds.) pp. 123-128, Adenine Press, Schenectady, NY., (1997)