The work provides insights into the development of electrochemical (bio)sensing platforms, with a focus on self-powering concept and the galvanic bipolar electrode design.

Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is an important blood-based biomarker of neuroaxonal damage and holds strong potential for the early detection and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases. However, its extremely low abundance in blood poses a major analytical challenge for sensitive and reliable detection.

We propose a novel impedance-based model incorporating both capacitive coupling and resistive voltage division across the electrolyte to explain these effects. Our model successfully predicts and verifies a frequency-dependent threshold voltage shift under high-frequency signals.