Distributed Current Injection into a One-Dimensional Ballistic Edge Channel

Authors: K. Moors, C. Wagner, H. Soltner, F. Lüpke, F. S. Tautz and B. Voigtländer

Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 186301 – Published 29. October 2025

Abstract: We generalize Landauer’s theory of ballistic transport in a one-dimensional (1D) conductor to situations where charge carrier injection and extraction are not any more confined to electrodes at either end of the channel, but may occur along its whole length. This type of distributed injection is expected to occur from the two-dimensional (2D) bulk of, e.g., a quantum spin (or anomalous) Hall insulator to its topologically protected edge states. We apply our conceptual solution to the case of two metal electrodes contacting the 2D bulk, enabling us to derive criteria that discriminate ballistic from resistive edge channels in multiterminal transport experiments.

Distributed Current Injection into a One-Dimensional Ballistic Edge Channel — Top: According to the classical Landauer model, electrons flow from one end to the other through the ballistic channel without any energy loss. Bottom: According to our realistic model of an edge channel, the current is injected into the adjacent 2D material and the electrons enter and leave the channel over its entire length.

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