High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells with Printable Carbon Electrodes

TO-212 • PT 1.3173 • As of 07/2025
Institute of Energy Technologies (IET)
Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (IET-2/HI ERN)

This innovation enables the use of low-cost, printable carbon electrodes in inverted perovskite solar cells – without compromising efficiency or stability.

Technology

The presented solution introduces a tailored interlayer that bridges the energy mismatch between carbon electrodes and electron transport layers. For the first time, carbon can serve as a fully functional cathode in inverted perovskite architectures, enabling cost-effective, scalable manufacturing.

Problem addressed

Industrial-scale production of perovskite solar cells is hindered by the use of costly metals like gold and silver and by complex vacuum-based processes. In inverted architectures, which are particularly attractive for large-scale production, carbon electrodes typically cause severe energy losses due to poor band alignment.

Solution

A novel n-doped semiconductor interlayer (e.g. SnOx) is introduced between the electron transport layer and the carbon electrode. This interlayer neutralizes the energy barrier and allows electrons to flow efficiently to the cathode. The result: a high-performance, stable solar cell using printable, low-cost carbon instead of gold or silver – ideal for roll-to-roll and other scalable production techniques.

Benefits and Potential Use

· Large-area perovskite solar modules (including tandem and flexible cells)
· Integrated photovoltaics (e.g., BIPV, IoT devices, smart sensors)
· Lightweight PV for mobility, agri-PV, and aerospace
· Roll-to-roll printed solar cells and low-temperature processes
· Sustainable electronics requiring metal-free components

Development Status and Next Steps

The Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of this technology is 4–5. The technology has been demonstrated on a laboratory scale, but has not yet been scaled up towards prototypes or pilot scale.

We are offering opportunities for:
· Licensing of the patented technology
· Joint development projects (e.g., material integration, process adaptation)
· Pilot production and validation in your manufacturing environment

Stand out in next-generation photovoltaics – with a scalable, sustainable solution that eliminates precious metals and opens the door to truly low-cost solar cell manufacturing.
Reach out for technical details, samples, or collaboration opportunities.

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